english structures 3

Structures – 3

1. A fire in an enclosed space burns with the aid of reflected radiation that preheats the fuel, making ignition much easier and flames spreading more quickly.

1. flames spreading
2. flame spreads
3. flames are caused to spread
4. causing flames to spread
5. causing spreading of the flames

2. Roy Wilkins was among the last of a generation of civil rights activists who led the nation through decades of change so profound many young Americans are not able to imagine, even less to remember, what segregation was like.

1. So profound many young Americans are not able to imagine, even less to remember
2. So profound that many young Americans cannot imagine, much less remember
3. So profound many young American cannot imagine nor even less remember
4. Of such profundity many young Americans cannot imagine, even less can they remember
5. Of such profundity that many young Americans are not able to imagine, much less to remember

3. The residents' opposition to the spraying program has rekindled an old debate among those who oppose the use of pesticides and those who feel that the pesticides are necessary to save the trees.

1. Among those who oppose the use of pesticides and
2. Between those who oppose the use of pesticides and
3. Among those opposing the use of pesticides with
4. Between those who oppose the use of pesticides with
5. Among those opposing the use of pesticides and

4. In cold-water habitats, certain invertebrates and fish convert starches into complex carbohydrates called glycerols, in effect manufacturing its own antifreeze.

1. In effect manufacturing its own antifreeze
2. Effectively manufacturing antifreeze of its own
3. In effect manufacturing their own antifreeze
4. So that they manufacture their own antifreeze
5. Thus the manufacture of its own antifreeze

5. Slips of the tongue do not necessarily reveal concealed beliefs or intentions but rather are the result from the competition between various processing mechanisms in the brain.

1. But rather are the result from
2. And instead are the result from
3. Being rather the result of
4. And rather result from
5. But rather result from

6. The new contract forbids a strike by the transportation union.

1. Forbids a strike by the transportation union
2. Forbids the transportation union from striking
3. Forbids that there be a strike by the transportation union
4. Will forbid the transportation union from striking
5. Will forbid that the transportation union strikes

7. Monitoring heart patients' exercise, as well as athletes exercising, is now done by small transmitters broadcasting physiological measurements to nearby recording machines.

1. Monitoring heart patient’s exercise, as well as athletes exercising, is now done by small transmitters broadcasting physiological measurements to nearby recording machines.
2. Monitoring the exercise of heart patients, as well as athletes exercising, is now done by small transmitters broadcasting physiological measurement to nearby recording machines
3. Small transmitters broadcasting physiological measurements to nearby recording machines are now used to monitor the exercise of both heart patients and athletes
4. Broadcasting physiological measurements to nearby recording machines, small transmitters are now used to monitor heart patients’ exercise, as well as athletes exercising
5. Both athletes exercising and heart patients’ exercise are now monitored by small transmitters broadcasting physiological measurements to nearby recording machines

8. The commission has directed advertisers to restrict the use of the word "natural" to foods that do not contain color or flavor additives, chemical preservatives, or nothing that has been synthesized.

1. Or nothing that has been
2. Nor anything that was
3. And nothing that is
4. Or anything that has been
5. And anything

9. Bringing the Ford Motor Company back from the verge of bankruptcy shortly after the Second World War was a special governmentally sanctioned price increase during a period of wage and price controls.

1. Bringing the Ford Motor Company back from the verge of bankruptcy shortly after the Second World War was a special governmentally sanctioned price increase during a period wage and price controls.
2. What brought the Ford Motor Company back from the verge of bankruptcy shortly after the Second World War was a special price increase that the government sanctioned during a period of wage and price controls.
3. That which brought the Ford Motor Company back from the verge of bankruptcy shortly after the Second World War was a special governmentally sanctioned price increase during a period of wage and price controls.
4. What has brought the Ford Motor Company back from the verge of bankruptcy shortly after the Second World War was a special price increase that the government sanctioned during a period of wages and price controls.
5. To bring the Ford Motor Company back from the verge of bankruptcy shortly after the Second World War, there was a special price increase during a period of wages and price controls that government sanctioned.

10. Like Haydn, Schubert wrote a great deal for the stage, but he is remembered principally for his chamber and concert-hall music.

1. Like Haydn, Schubert
2. Like Haydn, Schubert also
3. As has Haydn, Schubert
4. As did Haydn, Schubert also
5. As Haydn did, Schubert also

11. Charlotte Parkins Gilman, a late nineteenth-century feminist, called for urban apartment housesincluding child-care facilities and clustered suburban houses including communal eating and social facilities.

1. Including child-care facilities and clustered suburban houses including communal eating and social facilities
2. That included child-care facilities, and for clustered suburban houses to include communal eating and social facilities
3. With child-care facilities included and for clustered suburban houses to include communal eating and social facilities
4. That included child-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with communal eating and social facilities
5. To include children-care facilities and for clustered suburban houses with communal eating and social facilities included

12. The odds are about 4 to 1 against surviving a takeover offer, and many business consultants therefore advise that a company's first line of defense in eluding offers like these be to even refuse to take calls from likely corporate raiders.

1. That a company’s first line of defense in eluding offers like these be to even refuse
2. That a company’s first line of defense in eluding such offers be to refuse even
3. A company defending itself against offers of this kind that, as a first line of defense , they should even refuse
4. Companies which are defending themselves against such an offer that, as a first line of defense, they should even refuse
5. That the first line of defense for a company who is eluding offers like these is the refusal even

13. Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, using it to help build a modern industrial system.

1. Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, using it to help build
2. Japan received huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War and used it to help in building
3. Japan used the huge sums of capital it received from the United States after the Second World War to help build
4. Japan’s huge sums of capital received from the United States after the Second World War were used to help it in building
5. Receiving huge sums of capital from the United States after the Second World War, japan used it to help build

14. Although one link in the chain was demonstrated to be weak, but not sufficiently so to require the recall of the automobile.

1. Demonstrated to be weak, but not sufficiently so to require
2. Demonstrated as weak, but it was not sufficiently so that it required
3. Demonstrably weak, but not sufficiently so to require
4. Demonstrably weak, it was not so weak as to require
5. Demonstrably weak, it was not weak enough that it required

15. Although the Supreme Court ruled as long ago as 1880 that Blacks could not be excluded outright from jury service, nearly a century of case-by-case adjudication has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all 

1. Has been necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be
2. Was necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being
3. Was to be necessary in developing and enforcing the principle of all juries to be
4. Is necessary to develop and enforce the principle that all juries must be
5. Will be necessary for developing and enforcing the principle of all juries being

16. The modernization program for the steel mill will cost approximately 51 million dollars, which it is hoped can be completed in the late 1980's.

1. The modernization program for the steel mill will cost approximately 51 million dollars, which it is hoped can be completed in the late 1980’s
2. The modernization program for the steel mill, hopefully completed in the late 1980’s, will cost approximately 51 million dollars.
3. Modernizing the steel mill, hopefully to be completed in the late 1980’s will cost approximately 51 million dollars
4. The program for modernizing the steel mill, which can, it is hoped, be completed in the late 1980’s and cost approximately 51 million dollars
5. Modernization the steel mill, a program that can, it is hoped, be completed in the late 1980’s, will cost approximately 51 million dollars

17. Camus broke with Sartre in a bitter dispute over the nature of Stalinism.

1. In a bitter dispute over
2. Over bitterly disputing
3. After there was a bitter dispute over
4. After having bitterly disputed about
5. Over a bitter dispute about

18. Nowhere in Prakta is the influence of modern European architecture more apparent than theirgovernment buildings.

1. More apparent than their
2. So apparent their
3. More apparent than in its
4. So apparent than in their
5. As apparent as it is in its

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

19. Federal legislation establishing a fund for the cleanup of sites damaged by toxic chemicals permits compensating state governments for damage to their natural resources but does not allow claims for injury to people.

1. Compensating state governments for damage to
2. Compensating state governments for the damaging of
3. Giving state governments compensation for damaging
4. Giving compensation to state governments for the damage of
5. The giving compensation to state governments for damaging

20. The lawyer for the defense charged that she suspected the police of having illegally taped her confidential conversations with her client and then used the information obtained to find evidence supporting their murder charges.

1. Used the information obtained to find evidence supporting
2. Used such information as they obtained to find evidence supporting
3. Used the information they had obtained to find evidence that would support
4. Of using the information they had obtained find evidence that would support
5. Of using such information as they obtained to find evidence that would supportive of

21. According to surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, about 20 percent of young adults used cocaine in 1979, doubling those reported in the 1977 survey.

1. Doubling those reported in the 1977 survey
2. To double the number the 1977 survey reported
3. Twice those the 1977 survey reported
4. Twice as much as those reported in the 1977 survey
5. Twice the number reported in the 1977 survey

22. Inflation has made many Americans reevaluate their assumptions about the future; they still expect to live better than their parents have, but not so well as they once thought they could.

1. They still expect to live better than their parents have
2. They still expect to live better than their parents did
3. They still expect to live better than their parents had
4. Still expecting to live better than their parents had
5. Still expecting to live better than did their patents

23. Europeans have long known that eating quail sometimes makes the eater ill, but only recently has it been established that the illness is caused by a toxin present in the quail's body only under certain conditions.

1. Europeans have long known that eating quail sometimes makes
2. Europeans have long known quail eating is sometimes able to make
3. Eating quail has long been known to Europeans to sometimes make
4. It has long been known to Europeans that quail eating will sometimes make
5. It has long been known to Europeans that quail, when it is eaten , has sometimes made

24. The caterpillar of the geometrid moth strikes when special tactile hairs on its body are disturbed, after capturing its prey, holds the victim so that it cannot escape.

1. Strikes when special tactile hairs on its body are disturbed
2. Striking when special tactile hairs on its body are disturbed, but
3. Which strikes when special tactile hairs on its body are disturbed
4. Which striking when special tactile hairs on its body are disturbed
5. Strikes when special tactile hairs on its body are disturbed and

24. In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant.

1. In assessing the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant
2. The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in assessing the problems that they face
3. A question that is irrelevant in assessing the problems that rural migrant workers face is whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor
4. In an assessment of the problems faced by rural migrant workers, the question of whether they are better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant
5. The question of whether the rural migrant worker is better off materially than the urban working poor is irrelevant in an assessment of the problems that they face

KEY

1. D
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. E
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. B
10. A
11. D
12. B
13. C
14. D
15. A
16. E
17. A
18. C
19. A
20. D
21. E
22. B
23. A
24. E
25. D